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Black-tailed deer
Two forms of black-tailed deer or blacktail deer that occupy coastal temperate rainforests in the Pacific Northwest are subspecies of the mule deer (''Odocoileus hemionus''). They have sometimes been treated as a species, but virtually all recent authorities maintain they are subspecies.〔Novak, R. M. (1999). ''Walker's Mammals of the World.'' 6th edition. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9〕〔Heffelfinger, J. (version 2 March 2011). ''(Tails with a dark side: The truth about whitetail – mule deer hybrids. )''〕〔Reid, F. A. (2006). ''Mammals of North America.'' 4th edition. ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5〕〔Geist, V. (1998). ''Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology.'' ISBN 978-0-8117-0496-0〕〔Feldhamer, G. A., B. C. Thompson, and J. A. Chapman, editors (2003). ''Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation.'' 2nd edition. ISBN 978-0-8018-7416-1〕
The Columbian black-tailed deer (''Odocoileus hemionus columbianus'') is found in western North America, from Northern California into the Pacific Northwest and coastal British Columbia.〔B.C. Ministry of Env., Lands & Parks. (Undated) Mule and black-tailed deer in British Columbia.〕 The Sitka deer (''Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis'') is found coastally in British Columbia, Southeast Alaska and Southcentral Alaska (as far as Kodiak Island).〔〔B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1996–1998. (Coastal Black-Tailed Deer Study ), linking to five reports.〕〔MacDonald, S. and Cook, J. (2007) (Mammals and Amphibians of Southeast Alaska ).〕〔(Wildlife ). U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. Last updated: April 6, 2011.〕
==Range==
Black-tailed deer once lived at least as far east as Wyoming. In Francis Parkman's ''The Oregon Trail,'' an eyewitness account of his 1846 trek across the early West, while within a two-day ride from Fort Laramie, Parkman writes of shooting what he believes to be an elk, only to discover he has killed a black-tailed deer.〔Francis Parkman (1910) ''The Oregon Trail'', Ginn and company〕
The black-tailed deer is currently common in northern California,〔Livezey KB. 1991. Home range, habitat use, disturbance, and mortality of Columbian black-tailed deer in Mendocino National Forest. California Fish and Game 77:201–209.〕 western Oregon, Washington, in coastal and interior British Columbia, and north into the Alaskan panhandle. It is a popular game animal.
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